2.As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces， I have directed that all measures ()for our defense.

36.I make notes in the back of my diary()things to be mended or replaced.

A. 　by

B. 　in

C. 　with

D. 　of

3. Passage Twenty-SevenOut of all the students who enroll in a massive open online course (MOOC)， only about 5 percent complete the course and receive a certificate of accomplishment.This statistic is often cited as evidence that MOOCs are fatally flawed (有缺陷的)and offer little educational value to most students.Yet more than 80 percent of students who fill out a post-course survey say they met their primary objective.How do we look at these two facts? We’re used to focusing on completion rates in higher education， but they’re not the only—or even the most meaningful—indicator of engagement in open online courses.With no cost to enroll， no punishment for dropping out， and little reward for actually earning a certificate， MOOCs are fundamentally different from traditional classes—and students use them in fundamentally different ways.Data from more than 1.8 million students enrolled in 36 MOOCs offered by the University of Pennsylvania show that students treat MOOCs like a buffet (自助餐)， sampling the material according to their interests and career goals.Some are curious about the subject matter and just watch one or two video lectures; others use the discussion forums to connect with their intellectual peers around the world.Of all enrolled students， nearly 60 percent watch at least one video， complete at least one assignment， or post at least once in a forum.So focusing on the tiny fraction of students who complete a MOOC is misguided.The more important number is the 60 percent engagement rate.Students may not finish a MOOC with a certificate of accomplishment， but the courses nonetheless meet the educational goals of millions.According to Para.3， students choose MOOCs for the following reasons EXCEPT ().

20.We have been told that under no circumstances ()the telephone in the office for personal affairs.

A. 　may we use

B. 　we may use

C. 　we could use

D. 　did we use

35.You don’t have to pay for your flights: they’re ()in the price of your holiday.

A. 　concluded

B. 　held

C. 　settled

D. 　included

4. Passage Thirty-OneAdam Smith was the first person to see the importance of the division of labor.He gave us an example of the process by which pins were made in England.“One man draws out the wire， another strengthens it， a third cuts it， a fourth points it， and a fifth gives it a head.Just to make the head requires two or three different operations.The work of making pins is divided into about eighteen different operations， which in some factories are all performed by different people， though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them.”Ten men， Smith said， in this way， turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4，800 pins a worker.But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of labor， they certainly could not have made twenty pins in a day and not even one.There can be no doubt that division of labor is an efficient way of organizing work.Fewer people can make more pins.Adam Smith saw this， but he also took it for granted that division of labor is itself responsible for economic growth and development and it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still.But division of labor adds nothing new， it only enables people to produce more of what they already have.According to the writer， Adam Smith’s mistake was in believing that the division of labor ().

3. Passage Thirty-FiveTelevision has changed the lifestyle of people in every industrialized country in the world.In the United States， where sociologists have studied the effects， some interesting observations have been made.Television， although not essential， has become an important part of most people’s lives.It alters people’s ways of seeing the world; in many ways， it supports and sustains (维持)modern life.Television has become a baby-sitter， an introducer of conversations， the major transmitter of culture and a keeper of tradition.Yet when what can be seen on TV in one day is critically analyzed， it becomes evident that television is not a teacher but a sustainer; the poor quality of programming does not elevate (提高)people into greater understanding， but rather maintains and encourages the life as it exists.The primary reason for the lack of quality in American television is related to both the history of TV programming development and the economics of TV.Television in America began with the radio.Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with television.Therefore， the close relationship which the advertisers had with radio programs became the system for American TV.Sponsors not only paid money for time within programs， but many actually produced the programs.Thus， in American society， television is primarily concerned with reflecting and attracting society rather than experimenting with new ideas.Advertisers want to attract the largest viewing audience possible.To do so requires that the programs be entertaining rather than educational， attractive rather than challenging.Television in America today remains， to a large extent， with the same organization and standards as it had thirty years ago.The hope for further development and true achievement toward improving society will require a change in the entire system.In the author’s view American TV should ().

44.I would rather struggle for my dream than give it up and regret it later in my life.

3. Passage Twenty-FourSocial change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways.The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society.There are more ideas， more disagreements in interest， and more groups and organizations with different beliefs.In addition， there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies.All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.In a society where people are quite similar in many ways， there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same.And although conditions may not be satisfactory， they are at least customary and undisputed.Within a society， social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material， for example， in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.Furthermore， social change is easier if it is gradual.For example， it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies (一分为二).This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black American as compared to other American minorities， because of the sharp difference in “appearance between them and their white counterparts”.According to the passage， which of the following is NOT true?

5. Passage Twenty-FourSocial change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways.The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society.There are more ideas， more disagreements in interest， and more groups and organizations with different beliefs.In addition， there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies.All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.In a society where people are quite similar in many ways， there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same.And although conditions may not be satisfactory， they are at least customary and undisputed.Within a society， social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material， for example， in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.Furthermore， social change is easier if it is gradual.For example， it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies (一分为二).This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black American as compared to other American minorities， because of the sharp difference in “appearance between them and their white counterparts”.Social change is less likely to occur in a society where people are quite similar in many ways because ().

42.This medicine contains some chemicals that may negatively affect your health.