1. Passage Thirty-ThreeWe all know that DNA has the ability to identify individuals but， because it is inherited， there are also regions of the DNA strand which can relate an individual to his or her family (immediate and extended)， tribal group and even an entire population.Molecular Genealogy (宗谱学)can use this unique identification provided by the genetic markers to link people together into family trees.Pedigrees (家谱)based on such genetic markers can mean a breakthrough for family trees where information is incomplete or missing due to adoption， illegitimacy or lack of records.There are many communities and populations which have lost precious records due to tragic events such as the fire in the Irish courts during Civil War in 1921 or American slaves for whom many records were never kept in the first place.The main objective of the Molecular Genealogy Research Group is to build a database containing over 100，000 DNA samples from individuals all over the world.These individuals will have provided a pedigree chart of at least four generations and a small blood sample.Once the database has enough samples to represent the world genetic make-up， it will eventually help in solving many issues regarding genealogies that could not be done by relying only on traditional written records.Theoretically， any individual will someday be able to trace his or her family origins through this database.In the meantime， as the database is being created， molecular genealogy can already verify possible or suspected relationships between individuals.“For example， if two men sharing the same last name believe that they are related， but no written record proves this relationship， we can verify this possibility by collecting a sample of DNA from both and looking for common markers (in this case we can look primarily at the Y chromosome (染色体)，” explains Ugo Perego， a member of the BYU Molecular Genealogy research team.People in a large area may possess the same DNA thread because ().

36. Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Most of us in the entrepreneurial community are blessed — or cursed — with higher-than-average ambition.Ambitious people strongly desire accomplishments and are willing to take more risks and spend more effort to get them.Overall， this is a positive quality， especially for people trying to build their own businesses.Apparently， if you’re more naturally driven to set goals， you are more likely to succeed.Actually， this isn’t always the case.In fact， in some cases， extreme ambition may end up doing more harm than good.One major side effect of excessive ambition is the tendency to focus too determinedly on one particular vision or end goal.This is problematic because it hinders your ability to adapt to new circumstances， which is vital if you want to be a successful entrepreneur.If a new competitor emerges to threaten your business， you may need to change direction， even if that means straying from your original vision.If you have too much ambition， you’ll find this hard， if not impossible.Few people are successful when they try to build their first brand.Unfortunately， for the most ambitious entrepreneurs， a failure is seen as disastrous， and impossible to recover from.It’s a clear departure from the intended plan toward the intended goal.For people with limited ambition， however， failure is viewed as something closer to reality.Remember， failure is inevitable， and every failure you survive is a learning experience.Ambitious people tend to be more materialistically successful than their non-ambitious counterparts.However， they’re only slightly happier than their less-ambitious counterparts， and tend to live significantly shorter lives.This implies that even though ambitious people are more likely to achieve conventional “success，” such success means nothing for their health and happiness—and if you don’t have health and happiness， what else could possibly matter?Clearly， some amount of ambition is good for your motivation.Without any ambition， you wouldn＇t start your own business， set or achieve goals and get far in life.But an excess of ambition can also be dangerous， putting you at risk of burnout， stubbornness and even a shorter life.What does the author think of most entrepreneurs?

A. 　They are more willing to risk their own lives.

B. 　They are more ambitious than ordinary people.

C. 　They achieve greater nonconventional success.

D. 　They have more positive qualities than most of us.

31.Nelson became ()of the Victory in 1800.

A. 　Captain

B. 　a Captain

C. 　an Captain

D. 　the Captain

1. Passage NineteenA 3-year-old boy who was lost in the woods for two days is now safe at home.But Casey Hathaway told his rescuers that he was not alone in the rainy， freezing cold woods.He said he was with a friend——a bear.The child went missing on January 22 while playing with friends at his grandmother’s house in the southern state of North Carolina.When the other children returned to the house and Casey did not， the family searched the area for almost an hour before calling the police.Police formed a search and rescue team to look for the young boy in the nearby woods.But two days went by and still——no Casey.The woods of North Carolina are home to many black bears， like this one.It seems one of them helped a little boy while he was lost in the woods.Then on January 24， someone called the police saying they heard a child crying in the woods.Police followed up on the information and found Casey at about 9:30 that night.They pulled him out of some briar (荆棘).He was in good health.Police Officer Chip Hughes said that Casey did not say how he was able to survive in the woods for two days in the cloud， rainy weather， but that “he did say he had a friend in the woods that was a bear that was with him.”Hundreds of people helped in the search and rescue efforts， including some 600 volunteers， federal police and members of the military.Hughes told reporters that at no point did he think Casey had been kidnapped (绑架).Doctors at Carolina East Medical Center treated Casey for minor injuries.He was then released to his family on January 25.According to the passage， Casey’s missing is a case of ().

9.Although they plant trees in this area every year， the tops of some hills are still().

A. 　blank

B. 　hollow

C. 　vacant

D. 　bare

4. Passage SeventeenNo one knows how man learned to make words.Perhaps he began by making sounds like those made by animals.Perhaps he grunted like a pig when he lifted something heavy.Perhaps he made sounds like those he heard all round him——water splashing， bees humming， a stone falling to the ground.Somehow， he learned to make words.As the centuries went by， he made more and more new words.This is what we mean by language.People living in different countries made different kinds of words.Today there are about fifteen hundred different languages in the world.Each contains many thousands of words.A very large English dictionary， for example， contains four or five hundred thousand words.But we do not need all these.Only a few thousand words are used in everyday life.The words you know are called your vocabulary.You should try to make your vocabulary bigger.You’re supposed to read as many books as you can.There are plenty of books written in easy English for you to read.You will enjoy them.When you meet a new word， you should find it in your dictionary.Your dictionary is your most useful book.Man ()to make sounds.

39. Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom.However， a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible.In reality， education does an aging brain good.Throughout life， people’s brains constantly renovate themselves.In the late 1960s， British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forging new connections.This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new.Of course， that doesn’t mean the brain isn’t affected by the effects of time.Just as height usually declines over the years， so does brain volume: Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s.But that reduction doesn’t necessarily make people think slower; as long as we are alive and functioning， we can alter our brains with new information and experiences.In fact， scientists now suspect accumulating novel experiences， facts， and skills can keep people’s minds more flexible.New pathways can strengthen our ever-changing mental structure， even as the brain shrinks.Conventional fixes like word puzzles and brain-training apps can contribute to mental durability.Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy.A desire for new life challenges can further boost brainpower.Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease.Openness—a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge—may also help folks pass brain tests.Some folks are born with this take-in-the world attitude， but those who aren’t as genetically gifted aren’t necessarily out of luck.While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things， a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences， which can， in turn， refresh the brain.That’s why brain scientist Richard Kennedy says “It’s not that old dogs can’t learn new tricks.It’s that maybe old dogs don’t realize why they should.”What does the author say can contribute to the improvement of brain function?

A. 　Being curious and desiring knowledge.

B. 　Being eager to pass brain tests at an old age.

C. 　Rising to life’s challenges and avoiding risks.

D. 　Boosting immunity to serious mental diseases.

41.A hobby is something that you never get tired of—the more time you devote to it， the more fun you will have.

1、近年来，我国大部分地区遭受雾霾侵袭，造成这一现象的主要原因是工厂排出的废气和汽车尾气等，低碳、环保已成为当今时代的主题，从我们身边的小事做起，保护环境。现请以“Let＇s Do Something to Save Our Environment”为题，写一篇短文。

2. Passage ElevenDoctors say anger can be an extremely damaging emotion， unless you learn how to deal with it.They warn that anger can lead to heart disease， stomach problems， headaches， emotional problems and breast cancer.Anger is a normal emotion that we all feel from time to time.Some people express anger openly in a calm and reasonable way.Others burst with anger， screaming and yelling.But still others keep their anger inside.They cannot or will not express it.This is called (repressing)anger.For years some doctors claim that both repressing and expressing anger can be dangerous.They say that in both situations the brain of an angry person releases the same hormones (荷尔蒙).They spend the heart rate， raise blood pressure or sugar level in the blood.As a result， the angry person feels excited and is ready to react.The violent reaction may lead to high blood pressure.However， some other doctors argue that repressing anger is more dangerous to a person’s health than expressing it.They believe that those who keep their anger inside may face a greater danger of heart disease.Most doctors agree that it is important to learn how to deal with anger.They say the first step is to admit that you are angry and recognize the real cause of the anger， then decide if the cause is serious enough to get angry about.If so， you should not express your anger immediately and try to wait until your anger has cooled down， so that you are able to express yourself calmly and reasonably.They also believe that a good way to deal with anger is to find humor in the situation that has made you angry.After all， it is much healthier to laugh than to get angry.According to some doctors， ().

36.He pulled a hat down ()his eyes and started walking along the avenue .

A. 　upon

B. 　over

C. 　above

D. 　below