2. Passage Thirty-FiveTelevision has changed the lifestyle of people in every industrialized country in the world.In the United States， where sociologists have studied the effects， some interesting observations have been made.Television， although not essential， has become an important part of most people’s lives.It alters people’s ways of seeing the world; in many ways， it supports and sustains (维持)modern life.Television has become a baby-sitter， an introducer of conversations， the major transmitter of culture and a keeper of tradition.Yet when what can be seen on TV in one day is critically analyzed， it becomes evident that television is not a teacher but a sustainer; the poor quality of programming does not elevate (提高)people into greater understanding， but rather maintains and encourages the life as it exists.The primary reason for the lack of quality in American television is related to both the history of TV programming development and the economics of TV.Television in America began with the radio.Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with television.Therefore， the close relationship which the advertisers had with radio programs became the system for American TV.Sponsors not only paid money for time within programs， but many actually produced the programs.Thus， in American society， television is primarily concerned with reflecting and attracting society rather than experimenting with new ideas.Advertisers want to attract the largest viewing audience possible.To do so requires that the programs be entertaining rather than educational， attractive rather than challenging.Television in America today remains， to a large extent， with the same organization and standards as it had thirty years ago.The hope for further development and true achievement toward improving society will require a change in the entire system.The second paragraph is mainly about ().

35.()seeing the damage he had done， the child felt ashamed.

A. 　By

B. 　On

C. 　At

D. 　For

41.While they were away ()， they allowed their mail to accumulate at the post office.

A. 　on vacation

B. 　on hand

C. 　on duty

D. 　on guard

4. Passage Thirty-TwoHave you ever heard of a pawpaw (木瓜)? If not， do not feel bad.Many Americans do not know of the fruit， although it is native to the U.S.Once， however， it was one of the most popular fruits in North America.Happily， those who love the pawpaw are trying to return it to its former position in American foods.A pawpaw is a tropical fruit that used to be grown along the East Coast from New York to Florida and all over the eastern U.S.At one time， it could be found as far west as Nebraska.The pawpaw was an important food for Native Americans and even early European settlers.Pawpaws reportedly were a favorite treat of George Washington， the first U.S.president， who especially liked them cold.Thomas Jefferson， the third U.S.president， was also a fan of the fruit.He planted pawpaws at his home in Virginia.He also sent pawpaw seeds to his friends in France.American explorers Lewis and Clark wrote in their journals about the pawpaw.The pawpaw is difficult to be sold commercially.The fruit requires a very special environment—low， wet areas that sometimes flood.It has a very short harvest season， from two to three weeks in September and October.In addition， the fruit is good to eat for only two to three days after harvesting.This makes it hard to sell anywhere distant from the pawpaw tree it comes from.Planters are again growing pawpaw trees and harvesting the fruit.In several states farmers have organized “pawpaw festivals” to reintroduce people to food.At such a festival in Maryland recently， farmers displayed different products made with pawpaws， like pawpaw jams， pies， ice-cream and beer.It is difficult to sell the pawpaw on a large scale for the following reasons EXCEPT that the fruit ().

36.I make notes in the back of my diary()things to be mended or replaced.

A. 　by

B. 　in

C. 　with

D. 　of

2. Passage Thirty-FiveTelevision has changed the lifestyle of people in every industrialized country in the world.In the United States， where sociologists have studied the effects， some interesting observations have been made.Television， although not essential， has become an important part of most people’s lives.It alters people’s ways of seeing the world; in many ways， it supports and sustains (维持)modern life.Television has become a baby-sitter， an introducer of conversations， the major transmitter of culture and a keeper of tradition.Yet when what can be seen on TV in one day is critically analyzed， it becomes evident that television is not a teacher but a sustainer; the poor quality of programming does not elevate (提高)people into greater understanding， but rather maintains and encourages the life as it exists.The primary reason for the lack of quality in American television is related to both the history of TV programming development and the economics of TV.Television in America began with the radio.Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with television.Therefore， the close relationship which the advertisers had with radio programs became the system for American TV.Sponsors not only paid money for time within programs， but many actually produced the programs.Thus， in American society， television is primarily concerned with reflecting and attracting society rather than experimenting with new ideas.Advertisers want to attract the largest viewing audience possible.To do so requires that the programs be entertaining rather than educational， attractive rather than challenging.Television in America today remains， to a large extent， with the same organization and standards as it had thirty years ago.The hope for further development and true achievement toward improving society will require a change in the entire system.The second paragraph is mainly about ().

46.()is interested in the job may apply for it.

A. 　Who

B. 　Whomever

C. 　Whoever

D. 　He that

4. Passage Twenty-ThreeWashington Irving was America’s first man of letters to be known internationally.His works were received enthusiastically both in England and in the United States.He was， in fact， one of the most successful writers of his time in the country， and at the same time winning the admiration of fellow writers like Scott in Britain and Poe and Hawthorne in the United States.The respect in which he was held was partly owing to the man himself， with his warm friendliness， his good sense， his urbanity， his gay spirits， his artistic integrity， his love of both the Old World and the New.Thackery described Irving as “a gentleman， who， though himself born in no very high sphere， was most finished， polished， witty; socially the equal of the most refined Europeans.” In England he was granted an honorary degree from Oxford—an unusual honor for a citizen of a young， uncultured nation—and he received the medal of the Royal Society of Literature.America made him ambassador to Spain.Irving’s background provides little to explain his literary achievements.A gifted but delicate child， he had little schooling.He studied law， but without zeal， and never did practice seriously.He was immune to his strict Presbyterian home environment， frequenting both social gatherings and the theatre.Which of the following best describes the effect of Irving’s personal qualities on his literary success?

35. Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The United States is facing a housing crisis: Affordable housing is inadequate， while luxury homes abound (充裕)， and homelessness remains a persistent problem.Despite this， popular culture and the housing industry market happiness as living with both more space and more amenities (便利设施).Big houses are advertized as a reward for hard work and diligence， turning housing from a basic necessity into a luxury.This is reflected in our homes.The average single-family home built in the United States before 1970 was less than 1，500 square feet in size.By 2016， the average size of a new， single-family home was 2，422 square feet.What’s more， homes built in the 2000s were more likely than earlier models to have more of all types of spaces: bedrooms， bathrooms， living rooms， dining rooms， recreation rooms and garages.There are consequences of living big.As middle-class houses have grown larger， two things have happened.First， large houses take time to maintain， so cleaners and other low-wage service workers are required to keep these houses in order.Second， once-public spaces， where people from diverse backgrounds used to come together， have increasingly become privatized， leading to a reduction in the number of public facilities available to all， and a reduced quality of life for many.Take swimming pools.While in 1950， only 2，500 U.S.families owned pools， by 1999 this number was 4 million.At the same time， public municipal pools were often closed， leaving low-income people nowhere to swim.The trend for bigger housing thus poses ethical questions.Should Americans accept a system in which the middle and upper classes enjoy a luxurious lifestyle， using the low-wage labor of others? Are we willing to accept a system in which an increase in amenities purchased by the affluent means a reduction in amenities for the poor?I believe neither is acceptable.We must change the way we think: living well does not need to mean having more private spaces; instead， it could mean having more public spaces.A better goal than building bigger houses for some is to create more publicly accessible spaces and amenities for all.What does the author advocate for people to live well?

A. 　Finding ways to turn private spaces into public ones.

B. 　Building more houses affordable to those less affluent.

C. 　More public spaces created for everyone to enjoy.

D. 　All amenities made accessible to the rich and the poor alike.

47.From then on， a sound system of Party Committee meetings was()in all leading bodies.

A. 　constructed

B. 　instituted

C. 　confirmed

D. 　given up

1. Passage ElevenDoctors say anger can be an extremely damaging emotion， unless you learn how to deal with it.They warn that anger can lead to heart disease， stomach problems， headaches， emotional problems and breast cancer.Anger is a normal emotion that we all feel from time to time.Some people express anger openly in a calm and reasonable way.Others burst with anger， screaming and yelling.But still others keep their anger inside.They cannot or will not express it.This is called (repressing)anger.For years some doctors claim that both repressing and expressing anger can be dangerous.They say that in both situations the brain of an angry person releases the same hormones (荷尔蒙).They spend the heart rate， raise blood pressure or sugar level in the blood.As a result， the angry person feels excited and is ready to react.The violent reaction may lead to high blood pressure.However， some other doctors argue that repressing anger is more dangerous to a person’s health than expressing it.They believe that those who keep their anger inside may face a greater danger of heart disease.Most doctors agree that it is important to learn how to deal with anger.They say the first step is to admit that you are angry and recognize the real cause of the anger， then decide if the cause is serious enough to get angry about.If so， you should not express your anger immediately and try to wait until your anger has cooled down， so that you are able to express yourself calmly and reasonably.They also believe that a good way to deal with anger is to find humor in the situation that has made you angry.After all， it is much healthier to laugh than to get angry.In Paragraph 2， “repressing” means ().