2. Passage Thirty-FiveTelevision has changed the lifestyle of people in every industrialized country in the world.In the United States， where sociologists have studied the effects， some interesting observations have been made.Television， although not essential， has become an important part of most people’s lives.It alters people’s ways of seeing the world; in many ways， it supports and sustains (维持)modern life.Television has become a baby-sitter， an introducer of conversations， the major transmitter of culture and a keeper of tradition.Yet when what can be seen on TV in one day is critically analyzed， it becomes evident that television is not a teacher but a sustainer; the poor quality of programming does not elevate (提高)people into greater understanding， but rather maintains and encourages the life as it exists.The primary reason for the lack of quality in American television is related to both the history of TV programming development and the economics of TV.Television in America began with the radio.Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with television.Therefore， the close relationship which the advertisers had with radio programs became the system for American TV.Sponsors not only paid money for time within programs， but many actually produced the programs.Thus， in American society， television is primarily concerned with reflecting and attracting society rather than experimenting with new ideas.Advertisers want to attract the largest viewing audience possible.To do so requires that the programs be entertaining rather than educational， attractive rather than challenging.Television in America today remains， to a large extent， with the same organization and standards as it had thirty years ago.The hope for further development and true achievement toward improving society will require a change in the entire system.The second paragraph is mainly about ().

3. Passage Thirty-FiveTelevision has changed the lifestyle of people in every industrialized country in the world.In the United States， where sociologists have studied the effects， some interesting observations have been made.Television， although not essential， has become an important part of most people’s lives.It alters people’s ways of seeing the world; in many ways， it supports and sustains (维持)modern life.Television has become a baby-sitter， an introducer of conversations， the major transmitter of culture and a keeper of tradition.Yet when what can be seen on TV in one day is critically analyzed， it becomes evident that television is not a teacher but a sustainer; the poor quality of programming does not elevate (提高)people into greater understanding， but rather maintains and encourages the life as it exists.The primary reason for the lack of quality in American television is related to both the history of TV programming development and the economics of TV.Television in America began with the radio.Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with television.Therefore， the close relationship which the advertisers had with radio programs became the system for American TV.Sponsors not only paid money for time within programs， but many actually produced the programs.Thus， in American society， television is primarily concerned with reflecting and attracting society rather than experimenting with new ideas.Advertisers want to attract the largest viewing audience possible.To do so requires that the programs be entertaining rather than educational， attractive rather than challenging.Television in America today remains， to a large extent， with the same organization and standards as it had thirty years ago.The hope for further development and true achievement toward improving society will require a change in the entire system.In the author’s view American TV should ().

4. Passage Thirty-FiveTelevision has changed the lifestyle of people in every industrialized country in the world.In the United States， where sociologists have studied the effects， some interesting observations have been made.Television， although not essential， has become an important part of most people’s lives.It alters people’s ways of seeing the world; in many ways， it supports and sustains (维持)modern life.Television has become a baby-sitter， an introducer of conversations， the major transmitter of culture and a keeper of tradition.Yet when what can be seen on TV in one day is critically analyzed， it becomes evident that television is not a teacher but a sustainer; the poor quality of programming does not elevate (提高)people into greater understanding， but rather maintains and encourages the life as it exists.The primary reason for the lack of quality in American television is related to both the history of TV programming development and the economics of TV.Television in America began with the radio.Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with television.Therefore， the close relationship which the advertisers had with radio programs became the system for American TV.Sponsors not only paid money for time within programs， but many actually produced the programs.Thus， in American society， television is primarily concerned with reflecting and attracting society rather than experimenting with new ideas.Advertisers want to attract the largest viewing audience possible.To do so requires that the programs be entertaining rather than educational， attractive rather than challenging.Television in America today remains， to a large extent， with the same organization and standards as it had thirty years ago.The hope for further development and true achievement toward improving society will require a change in the entire system.The author believes that television in the United States has become important to most people because ().

5. Passage Thirty-FiveTelevision has changed the lifestyle of people in every industrialized country in the world.In the United States， where sociologists have studied the effects， some interesting observations have been made.Television， although not essential， has become an important part of most people’s lives.It alters people’s ways of seeing the world; in many ways， it supports and sustains (维持)modern life.Television has become a baby-sitter， an introducer of conversations， the major transmitter of culture and a keeper of tradition.Yet when what can be seen on TV in one day is critically analyzed， it becomes evident that television is not a teacher but a sustainer; the poor quality of programming does not elevate (提高)people into greater understanding， but rather maintains and encourages the life as it exists.The primary reason for the lack of quality in American television is related to both the history of TV programming development and the economics of TV.Television in America began with the radio.Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with television.Therefore， the close relationship which the advertisers had with radio programs became the system for American TV.Sponsors not only paid money for time within programs， but many actually produced the programs.Thus， in American society， television is primarily concerned with reflecting and attracting society rather than experimenting with new ideas.Advertisers want to attract the largest viewing audience possible.To do so requires that the programs be entertaining rather than educational， attractive rather than challenging.Television in America today remains， to a large extent， with the same organization and standards as it had thirty years ago.The hope for further development and true achievement toward improving society will require a change in the entire system.The author’s attitude towards American television is ().

1. Passage Thirty-SixTraditionally， universities have carried out two main activities: research and teaching.Many experts would argue that both these activities play a critical role in serving the community.The fundamental question， however， is how does the community want or need to be served? In recent years universities have been coming under increasing pressure from both the governments and the public to ensure that they do not remain “ivory towers (象牙塔)” of study separated from the realities of everyday life.University teachers have been encouraged， and in some cases constrained (强迫)， to provide more courses which produce graduates with the technical skills required for the commercial use.If Aristotle wanted to work in a university in the UK today， he would have a good chance of teaching computer science but would not be so readily employable as a philosopher.A post-industrial society requires large numbers of computer programmers， engineers， managers and technicians to maintain and develop its economic growth but “man”， as the Bible says， “does not live by bread alone.” Apart from requiring medical and social services， which do not directly contribute to economic growth， the society should also value and enjoy literature， music and the arts.Because they can also promote economic growth.A successful musical play， for instance， can contribute as much to the Gross National Product through tourist dollars as any other things.The main idea of the first paragraph is that ().

2. Passage Thirty-SixTraditionally， universities have carried out two main activities: research and teaching.Many experts would argue that both these activities play a critical role in serving the community.The fundamental question， however， is how does the community want or need to be served? In recent years universities have been coming under increasing pressure from both the governments and the public to ensure that they do not remain “ivory towers (象牙塔)” of study separated from the realities of everyday life.University teachers have been encouraged， and in some cases constrained (强迫)， to provide more courses which produce graduates with the technical skills required for the commercial use.If Aristotle wanted to work in a university in the UK today， he would have a good chance of teaching computer science but would not be so readily employable as a philosopher.A post-industrial society requires large numbers of computer programmers， engineers， managers and technicians to maintain and develop its economic growth but “man”， as the Bible says， “does not live by bread alone.” Apart from requiring medical and social services， which do not directly contribute to economic growth， the society should also value and enjoy literature， music and the arts.Because they can also promote economic growth.A successful musical play， for instance， can contribute as much to the Gross National Product through tourist dollars as any other things.We can infer from the second paragraph that ().

3. Passage Thirty-SixTraditionally， universities have carried out two main activities: research and teaching.Many experts would argue that both these activities play a critical role in serving the community.The fundamental question， however， is how does the community want or need to be served? In recent years universities have been coming under increasing pressure from both the governments and the public to ensure that they do not remain “ivory towers (象牙塔)” of study separated from the realities of everyday life.University teachers have been encouraged， and in some cases constrained (强迫)， to provide more courses which produce graduates with the technical skills required for the commercial use.If Aristotle wanted to work in a university in the UK today， he would have a good chance of teaching computer science but would not be so readily employable as a philosopher.A post-industrial society requires large numbers of computer programmers， engineers， managers and technicians to maintain and develop its economic growth but “man”， as the Bible says， “does not live by bread alone.” Apart from requiring medical and social services， which do not directly contribute to economic growth， the society should also value and enjoy literature， music and the arts.Because they can also promote economic growth.A successful musical play， for instance， can contribute as much to the Gross National Product through tourist dollars as any other things.The Aristotle example is used to make the point that ().

4. Passage Thirty-SixTraditionally， universities have carried out two main activities: research and teaching.Many experts would argue that both these activities play a critical role in serving the community.The fundamental question， however， is how does the community want or need to be served? In recent years universities have been coming under increasing pressure from both the governments and the public to ensure that they do not remain “ivory towers (象牙塔)” of study separated from the realities of everyday life.University teachers have been encouraged， and in some cases constrained (强迫)， to provide more courses which produce graduates with the technical skills required for the commercial use.If Aristotle wanted to work in a university in the UK today， he would have a good chance of teaching computer science but would not be so readily employable as a philosopher.A post-industrial society requires large numbers of computer programmers， engineers， managers and technicians to maintain and develop its economic growth but “man”， as the Bible says， “does not live by bread alone.” Apart from requiring medical and social services， which do not directly contribute to economic growth， the society should also value and enjoy literature， music and the arts.Because they can also promote economic growth.A successful musical play， for instance， can contribute as much to the Gross National Product through tourist dollars as any other things.According to the passage， literature， music and the arts ().

5. Passage Thirty-SixTraditionally， universities have carried out two main activities: research and teaching.Many experts would argue that both these activities play a critical role in serving the community.The fundamental question， however， is how does the community want or need to be served? In recent years universities have been coming under increasing pressure from both the governments and the public to ensure that they do not remain “ivory towers (象牙塔)” of study separated from the realities of everyday life.University teachers have been encouraged， and in some cases constrained (强迫)， to provide more courses which produce graduates with the technical skills required for the commercial use.If Aristotle wanted to work in a university in the UK today， he would have a good chance of teaching computer science but would not be so readily employable as a philosopher.A post-industrial society requires large numbers of computer programmers， engineers， managers and technicians to maintain and develop its economic growth but “man”， as the Bible says， “does not live by bread alone.” Apart from requiring medical and social services， which do not directly contribute to economic growth， the society should also value and enjoy literature， music and the arts.Because they can also promote economic growth.A successful musical play， for instance， can contribute as much to the Gross National Product through tourist dollars as any other things.The author believes that ().

1、Next morning， four words from the book--- “take the long view” --- were still in my mind.At my desk， I had a long-view look at my problems.Once more， super-slow reading had given me not only pleasure but perspective， and helped me in my everyday affairs.I discovered its worth years ago … Previously， if I had not been really interested in a book， I would race from page to page， eager to know what came next.Now， I decided， I had to become a miser(吝啬鬼，守财奴)with words and stretch(拉伸，拖延)every sentence like a poor man spending his last dollar.I had started with the practical object of making my book last.But by the end of the second week I began to realize how much I was getting from super-slow-reading itself.Sometimes just a particular phrase caught my attention， sometimes a sentence.I would read it slowly， analyze it， read it again --- perhaps changing down into an even lower gear(速度，变速)--- and then sit for 20 minutes thinking about it before moving on.I was like a pianist studying a piece of music， phrase by phrase， rehearsing(演练，彩排)it， trying to discover and recreate exactly what the composer (作曲家)was trying to convey(表达).

2、The first calendar to fix these two days on definite dates of the year was the solar calendar(阳历)， which had 365 days in a year and --- every four years --- a “leap-year(闰年)” with one extra day. To an observer on earth， the sun seems to move farther and farther away from the equator(赤道)to the north until on June 21st it seems to reach its furthest point north.Then it seems to “pause” for one day before it turns around and goes back.Then it goes further and further south until on December 22nd it appears to “pause” again for one day before swerving(改变方向)back north again.These two days are called the Summer Solstice(夏至)and the Winter Solstice(冬至)respectively.