15.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ()in Cuba.
A. being cultivated
B. been cultivated
C. having cultivated
D. cultivating
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5. Passage Twenty-SevenOut of all the students who enroll in a massive open online course (MOOC), only about 5 percent complete the course and receive a certificate of accomplishment.This statistic is often cited as evidence that MOOCs are fatally flawed (有缺陷的)and offer little educational value to most students.Yet more than 80 percent of students who fill out a post-course survey say they met their primary objective.How do we look at these two facts? We’re used to focusing on completion rates in higher education, but they’re not the only—or even the most meaningful—indicator of engagement in open online courses.With no cost to enroll, no punishment for dropping out, and little reward for actually earning a certificate, MOOCs are fundamentally different from traditional classes—and students use them in fundamentally different ways.Data from more than 1.8 million students enrolled in 36 MOOCs offered by the University of Pennsylvania show that students treat MOOCs like a buffet (自助餐), sampling the material according to their interests and career goals.Some are curious about the subject matter and just watch one or two video lectures; others use the discussion forums to connect with their intellectual peers around the world.Of all enrolled students, nearly 60 percent watch at least one video, complete at least one assignment, or post at least once in a forum.So focusing on the tiny fraction of students who complete a MOOC is misguided.The more important number is the 60 percent engagement rate.Students may not finish a MOOC with a certificate of accomplishment, but the courses nonetheless meet the educational goals of millions.What is the author’s attitude toward MOOCs?
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31. Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.To write his 2010 book, The 5-Factor World Diet, nutritionist Harley Pasternak traveled to the healthiest countries around the world to learn more about what made their meals extra nourishing.He noted that Japanese people ate a wonderful variety of seaweeds, and that Chinese people tried to include at least five different colors in every meal.Pasternak also came away with some valuable observations about how different the North American way of life was, compared with many other countries.For starters, Americans eat much bigger portions than people in other countries.“We don’t prioritize eating seasonally or locally, and we also add lots of salt, sugar and thickening agents to our foods,” explained Pasternak.Contrast that to the healthy Mediterranean, Nordic and Okinawan diets listed in Pasternak's book.They all seem to stick to the ethos (特质)of regional, seasonal produce.For example, a traditional Mediterranean diet includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and olive oil as the main components of nutritional intake.Fish, chicken and red wine make moderate appearances, while red meat, salt and sugar are used much less often.The benefits of a traditional Mediterranean diet have been studied since the 1970s, and researchers have found that living that olive oil life can help people lose weight, lower their heart disease risk and reverse diabetes.Most other healthy eating cultures also make meals an event—say, multiple courses around the family table, or a glass or two of red wine at a long lunch—opposed to hastily wolfing down handfuls of cereal above the kitchen sink and calling it dinner.Each of the healthy eating cultures has its own unique feature.But Pasternak did take note of one unifying factor in all of the healthy societies he observed.“The only overlapping feature in most of these healthy countries is that they all walk way more than the average American,” said Pasternak.“So really, regardless of what you’re eating, if someone’s walking four miles more than you each day, they are going to be a lot thinner and live a lot longer than you.”What characterizes Japanese and Chinese foods?
A. Variety.
B. Flavor.
C. Color.
D. Naturalness.
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1. Passage Thirty-OneAdam Smith was the first person to see the importance of the division of labor.He gave us an example of the process by which pins were made in England.“One man draws out the wire, another strengthens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, and a fifth gives it a head.Just to make the head requires two or three different operations.The work of making pins is divided into about eighteen different operations, which in some factories are all performed by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them.”Ten men, Smith said, in this way, turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4,800 pins a worker.But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of labor, they certainly could not have made twenty pins in a day and not even one.There can be no doubt that division of labor is an efficient way of organizing work.Fewer people can make more pins.Adam Smith saw this, but he also took it for granted that division of labor is itself responsible for economic growth and development and it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still.But division of labor adds nothing new, it only enables people to produce more of what they already have.According to the passage, Adam Smith was the first person to ().
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40.He wrote a letter to me ()that his trip to Japan had been put off because of
the bad weather
A. inform
B. informing
C. informed
D. being informed
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45.()cleans the blackboard should be praised.
A. That
B. Who
C. The one who
D. The students who
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5. Passage EighteenAn idea that started in Seattle’s public library has spread throughout America and beyond.The concept is simple: help to build a sense of community in a city by getting everyone to read the same book at the same time.In addition to encouraging reading as a pursuit (追求)to be enjoyed by all, the program allows strangers to communicate by discussing the book on the bus, as well as promoting reading as an experience to be shared in families and schools.The idea came from Seattle librarian Nancy Pearl who launched the “If All of Seattle Read the Same Book” project in 1998.Her original program used author visits, study guides and book discussion groups to bring people together with a book, but the idea has expanded to many other American cities, and even to Hong Kong.In Chicago, the mayor appeared on television to announce the choice of To Kill a Mockingbird as the first book in the “One Book, One Chicago” program.As a result, reading clubs and neighborhood groups sprang up around the city.Across the US, stories emerged of parents and children reading to each other at night and strangers chatting away on the bus about the plot and character.The only problem arose in New York, where local readers could not decide on one book to represent the huge and diverse population.This may show that the idea works best in medium-sized cities or large towns, where a greater sense of unity can be achieved.Or it may show that New Yorkers rather missed the point, putting all their energy and passion into the choice of the book rather than into discussion about a book itself.Ultimately, as Nancy points out, the level of success is not measured by how many people read a book, but by how many people are enriched by the process, or have enjoyed speaking to someone with whom they would not otherwise have (shared a word).According to Nancy, the degree of success of the project is judged by ().
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2. Passage Thirty-FiveTelevision has changed the lifestyle of people in every industrialized country in the world.In the United States, where sociologists have studied the effects, some interesting observations have been made.Television, although not essential, has become an important part of most people’s lives.It alters people’s ways of seeing the world; in many ways, it supports and sustains (维持)modern life.Television has become a baby-sitter, an introducer of conversations, the major transmitter of culture and a keeper of tradition.Yet when what can be seen on TV in one day is critically analyzed, it becomes evident that television is not a teacher but a sustainer; the poor quality of programming does not elevate (提高)people into greater understanding, but rather maintains and encourages the life as it exists.The primary reason for the lack of quality in American television is related to both the history of TV programming development and the economics of TV.Television in America began with the radio.Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with television.Therefore, the close relationship which the advertisers had with radio programs became the system for American TV.Sponsors not only paid money for time within programs, but many actually produced the programs.Thus, in American society, television is primarily concerned with reflecting and attracting society rather than experimenting with new ideas.Advertisers want to attract the largest viewing audience possible.To do so requires that the programs be entertaining rather than educational, attractive rather than challenging.Television in America today remains, to a large extent, with the same organization and standards as it had thirty years ago.The hope for further development and true achievement toward improving society will require a change in the entire system.The second paragraph is mainly about ().
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9.()evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.
A. It being
B. It is
C. There is
D. There being
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5. Passage Thirty-FourMuch unfriendly feeling towards computers has been based on the fear of widespread unemployment resulting from their introduction.Computers are often used as part of automated (自动化的)production systems requiring a least possible number of operators, causing the loss of many jobs.This has happened, for example, in many steelworks.On the other hand, computers do create jobs.They are more skilled and better paid, though fewer in number than those they replace.Many activities could not continue in their present form without computers, no matter how many people are employed.Examples are the check clearing (交换)system of major banks and the weather forecasting system.When a firm introduces computers, a few people are usually employed in key posts (such as jobs of operations managers)while other staff are re-trained as operators, programmers, and data preparation staff.After the new system has settled down, people in non-computer jobs are not always replaced when they leave, resulting in a decrease in the number of employees.This decrease is sometimes balanced by a substantial increase in the activity of the firm, resulting from the introduction of computers.The attitudes of workers towards computers vary.There is fear of widespread unemployment and of the takeover of many jobs by computer-trained workers, making promotion for older workers not skilled in computers more difficult.On the other hand, many workers regard the trend toward wider use of computers inevitable.They realize that computers bring about greater efficiency and productivity, which will improve the condition of the whole economy, and lead to the creation of more jobs.This view was supported by the former British Prime Minister, James Callaghan in 1954, when he made the point that new technologies hold the key to increased productivity, which will benefit the economy in the long run.James Callaghan’s attitude towards computers can be best described as ().
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