3. Passage 7 Greek soldiers sent messages by turning their shields toward the sun. The flashes reflected light could be seen several miles away. The enemy did not know what the flashes meant， but other Greek soldiers could understand the message. Roman soldiers in some places built long rows of signal towers. When they had a message to send， the soldiers shouted it from tower to tower. If there were enough towers and soldiers with loud voices， important news could be sent quickly over distance. In Africa， people learn to send messages by beating on a series of large drums. Each drum was kept within hearing distance of the next one. The drum beats were sent out in a special way that all the drummers understood. Though the messages were simple， they could be sent at great speed for hundreds of miles. In the eighteenth century， a French engineer found a new way to send short messages. In this way， a person held a flag in each hand and the arms were moved to various positions representing different letters of the alphabet. It was like spelling out words with flags and arms. Over a long period of time， people sent messages by all these different ways. However， not until the telephone was invented in America in the nineteenth century could people send speeches sounds over a great distance in just a few seconds. The African way of communication sent messages( ).

5. Passage 15 There is a commonly held myth that Einstein was an underachiever at school， but it really isn＇t true. While he may have had difficulties with languages， Einstein excelled in physics， mathematics and music. Einstein held many patents and was a keen inventor. While working at Swiss patent office in Bern he took it upon himself to write his own scientific papers in his spare time， mostly at weekends and in the evenings after work. 1905 was Einstein＇s miracle year. During this year he wrote three fundamental papers， any of which would have guaranteed him immortality in the world of physics. His first was on a new understanding of the structure of light. Einstein argued that light is composed of small particles of energy， called photons， as well as oscillating waves. The second paper built upon the theory of kinetics. Einstein explained how atoms were responsible for the buffeting of particles of material in suspension， like cigarette smoke suspended in air. This paper presented the first direct evidence for the existence of atoms， vindicating an idea that had been around for over 2000 years. His third paper of 1905 was ―On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies‖. Here Einstein derived the theory of ―special relativity‖. In a supplementary paper four months later， he formulated the famous equation， E=mc2， where mass and energy are equivalent， showing that a very small amount of mass converts to a huge amount of energy. This is the driving force behind atomic bombs， and all the stars in the Universe. Which of the following words can be used to best describe the author‘s attitude towards Einstein?

A. 　Skeptical.

B. 　 Critical.

C. 　 Admiring.

D. 　 Exaggerated.

53.They have done a lot to raise the( )of women in society.

A. 　role

B. 　 status

C. 　 condition

D. 　 function

3. Passage 13 The favorite food in the United States is hamburger. The favorite place to buy a hamburger is a fast food restaurant. At a fast food restaurant， people order their food， wait a few minutes， and carry it to their tables themselves. People also take their food out of the restaurant and eat it in their cars or in their homes. At some fast food restaurants， people can order their food， pay for it and pick it up without leaving their cars. There are many kinds of fast food restaurants in the United States. The greatest in number sell hamburgers， French fries and so on. They are popular food among Americans. Besides， Italian food， chicken， seafood and ice-cream are very popular， too. The idea of a fast food restaurant is so popular that nearly every kind of food can be found in one. Fast food restaurants are popular because they reflect American life style. Customers can wear any type of dress when they go to a fast food place. Second， they are fast. People who are busy do not want to spend time preparing their own food or waiting while someone prepares it. In fast food restaurants the food is usually ready before the customer even orders it. Finally most food in a fast food restaurant is not expensive. Therefore people are able to buy and eat at a fast food restaurant often， while they may not be able to go to a more expensive restaurant very often. Why do Americans like to go to fast food restaurants?

A. 　It＇s because fast food restaurants are fast， informal， and inexpensive.

B. 　It＇s because people can easily find fast food restaurants.

C. 　It＇s because people like to eat hamburgers.

D. 　It＇s because fast food restaurants sell nearly every kind of food.

9.After the war， Germany became one of Europe‘s most( )countries.

A. 　prosperous

B. 　 swift

C. 　 improved

D. 　 interested

151.We all knew from the very( )that the plan would fail.

A. 　outcome

B. 　 outset

C. 　 income

D. 　 output

13.He hardly ever leaves the house after ten at night，( )?

A. 　doesn‘t he

B. 　 does he

C. 　 so does he

D. 　 nor does he

196.Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to .

A. 　light up

B. 　 give in

C. 　 be turned on

D. 　 go out

163.This article introduces us to a number of different( )of what stress is.

A. 　define

B. 　 definitions

C. 　 definition

D. 　 defined

1. Passage 7 Greek soldiers sent messages by turning their shields toward the sun. The flashes reflected light could be seen several miles away. The enemy did not know what the flashes meant， but other Greek soldiers could understand the message. Roman soldiers in some places built long rows of signal towers. When they had a message to send， the soldiers shouted it from tower to tower. If there were enough towers and soldiers with loud voices， important news could be sent quickly over distance. In Africa， people learn to send messages by beating on a series of large drums. Each drum was kept within hearing distance of the next one. The drum beats were sent out in a special way that all the drummers understood. Though the messages were simple， they could be sent at great speed for hundreds of miles. In the eighteenth century， a French engineer found a new way to send short messages. In this way， a person held a flag in each hand and the arms were moved to various positions representing different letters of the alphabet. It was like spelling out words with flags and arms. Over a long period of time， people sent messages by all these different ways. However， not until the telephone was invented in America in the nineteenth century could people send speeches sounds over a great distance in just a few seconds. According to this passage， the Roman way of communication depended very much upon( ).

A. 　fine weather

B. 　 high tower

C. 　 the spelling system

D. 　 arm movements

188.Make sure you‘ve got the passports and tickets and( )before you leave.

A. 　something

B. 　 anything

C. 　 Everything

D. 　 nothing