5. Passage Five The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced to buy a product of poor quality or high price because of an advertisement. For example， some advertisers have appealed to people’s desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Some of the products work. Others are worthless and a waste of consumers’ money. Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading. A few years ago， a brand of bread was offered to dieters with the message that there were fewer calories in every slice. It turned out that the bread was not dietetic， but just regular bread. There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin， but there were the same number of calories in every loaf. On the positive side， emotional appeals may respond to a consumer’s real concerns. Consider fire insurance. Fire insurance may be sold by appealing to fear of loss. But fear of loss is the real reason for fire insurance. The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makes the purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most people. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as the message in the ads， they will benefit from the advertising. Each consumer must evaluate her or his own situation. Are the benefits of the product important enough to justify buying it? Advertising is intended to appeal to consumers， but it does not force them to buy the product. Consumers still control the final buying decision. The passage is mainly about ( ) .

38. Rather than (_____)_ everything to the last minute, he always prefers to start early.

A. 　 leave

B. 　 to leave

C. 　 leaving

D. 　 having left

4. Passage Thirteen Trees are useful to man in three important ways: they provide him with wood and other products; they give him shade; and they help to prevent droughts and floods. Unfortunately， in many parts of the world， man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important. In his eagerness to make money from trees， he has cut them down in large numbers， only to find that without them he has lost the best friends he had. And besides， he is usually too careless to plant and look after new trees. So the forests slowly disappear. This does not only mean that man will have fewer trees. The results are even more serious: for where there are trees， their roots break up soil——allowing the rain to sink in——and also bind the soil， thus preventing it from being washed away easily; but where there are no trees， the rain falls on hard ground and flows away， causing floods and carrying away the rich top-soil. When all the top-soil is gone， nothing remains but worthless desert. Two thousand years ago a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships， with which to gain itself an empire. It set up the empire but， without its trees， its soil became poor and it grew weak. When the empire fell to pieces， the home country found itself faced with floods and starvation.Why does land become desert after all trees are cut down?

A. Because nothing remains on land except floods.

B. Because there are no longer trees to keep the rain and protect the top-soil.

C. Because too much rain sinks in and washes away the top-soil.

D. Because roots of the trees break up the soil.

1. Passage Fifteen Big data can be defined as information that is too big or complex to be contained or processed by any one machine or person. As a student at the University of Sussex， Julian Dailly had two majors——English and philosophy. When he completed his studies， Dailly wondered how he would ever earn a living in a world filled with machines and technology. Now， he is part of the big data industry that includes Google and Facebook. Dailly’s research company， Morar Consulting， started three years ago with five employees. The company’s earnings have increased by 25% each year. It now employs 90 people. “What we do here is we try to discover what’s meaningful for people and link that to their economic behavior，” Dailly said. He noted the importance of working with people with different skills. “We have people from traditional research backgrounds， in addition to some in social sciences， economics， people from tech backgrounds， and salespeople，” Dailly said. Companies like Dailly’s employ recent college graduates. The industry profits from the ideas of these young men and women. New forms of data also make it possible for some observers to predict the future. They are more valuable to companies than the traditional forms of data recording or reporting. “We have access to the core information inside people’s heads，” Dailly said， “They tell you what people are going to do as opposed to what they’ve done. That helps people take proper action in advance. This makes it much more useful for strategy.” Julian Dailly dismisses concerns that computers have finally taken control of our daily lives. “Some may worry that humans will be allowed to be replaced by machines. I think it’s a fantasy.” Dailly has an education background of ( ) .

A. engineering

B. arts

C. sciences

D. business

47. By the time the war (_____), most of the people had already left.

A. 　 broke out

B. 　 broke up

C. 　 intervened

D. 　 happen

47. The peasant uses wood to build a house (_____) to store grains.

A. 　 where

B. 　 in which

C. 　 with which

D. 　 which

49. No sooner (_____) home than it started to rain.

A. 　 have we arrived

B. 　 did we arrive

C. 　 had we arrived

D. 　 shall we arrive

38. In order not to be disturbed, I spent three hours (_____)_ in my study.

A. 　locking

B. 　locked

C. 　to lock

D. 　being locked

39. He’s English (_____)_ although he was born in France.

A. 　 at birth

B. 　 from birth

C. 　 by birth

D. 　 in a birth

34. () all that she has a good sense of balance, she can’t dance well.

A. 　 At

B. 　 For

C. 　 In

D. 　 On

45. This problem requires (_____)_ with great care.

A. 　 being studied

B. 　 to study

C. 　 to have studied

D. 　 studying